The Harlem Renaissance: Writers Reacting To Their Political Environmen

The Harlem Renaissance emerged during turbulent times for the world, the United States, and black Americans. World War I and the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 had left the world in disorder and stimulated anticolonial movements throughout the third world. In America, twenty years of progressive reform ended with the red scare, race riots, and isolationism throughout 1919 and led to conservative administrations through the twenties. While blacks were stunned by racial violence near the end of the decade and were frustrated by the lack of racial progress that progressivism had made, they were now armed with new civil rights organizations and confronted the approaching decade with new hope and determination. Education and employment opportunities had led to the development of a small black middle class. Few blacks thought that their future lay in the economically depressed rural South and hundreds of thousands migrated to seek prosperity and opportunity in the North. As these more educa ted and socially conscious blacks settled into New York’s neighborhood of Harlem, it developed into the cultural and political center of black America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The 1910s also marked the rising of a political agenda advocating racial equality throughout the black community, especially in the growing black middle class. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), founded to fight for the rights of blacks, and black sociologist W. E. B. Du Bois pushed the agenda. Black nationalist Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association’s efforts also reflected the agenda and helped to inspire racial pride among working class blacks in the 1920s. This decade would bear witness to the long struggle against political disenfranchisement in the South and a change from traditional black political alignments in the North. Feminists too, having achieved victory in their campaign for suffrage, still faced more subtle obstacles on their road to equality. In addition, the ghettoization of American cities, the persistence of poverty in the midst of prosperity, and the disproportionate involvemen t of blacks in both of these processes challenged perceptions about the effectiveness of the American system.1 In 1926, professor Alain Locke observed, â€Å"The younger generation is vibrant with a new psychology.† which was shown by a shift from â€Å"†¦soci... ...nce. NY: Doubleday, 1991. Gates, Jr., Henry Louis and McKay, Nellie Y. African American Literature. NY: W.W. Norton and Company, 1997. The Harlem Renaissance. University of North Carolina. 20 March 2001.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Haskins, Jim. The Harlem Renaissance. Brookfield, CT: The Millbrook Press, 1996. Hornsby, Jr., Alton. â€Å"Black Americans.† The World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago, World Book, Inc., 1992. Langston Hughes. University of North Carolina. 20 March 2001.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  < http://www.unc.edu/courses/eng81br1/lang2.html>. Lewis, David Levering, ed. The Portable Harlem Renaissance Reader. NY: Viking Penguin, 1994. Meltzer, Milton. The Black Americans: A History in Their Own Words. NY: Ty Crowell, 1984. Rampersad, Arnold. The Life of Langston Hughes. 2 vol. NY: Oxford Publishing, 1988. Turner, Darwin T. â€Å"Langston Hughes.† The World Book Encyclopedia. Chicago: World Book, Inc., 1992. Wintz, Cary D. Black Culture and the Harlem Renaissance. Houston, Rice University Press, 1988. Wintz, Cary DeCordova. â€Å"Harlem Renaissance.† The Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. Danbury, CT: Microsoft, Inc., 1999.

American History Research Paper: Was Entering The Vietnam War A Good Idea?

I. Intro Going to Vietnam was a good thing for the U.S. It is, however, the most hated and protested war in all of U.S. history. However, it was a needed war. We went to Vietnam to stop the spread of communism, and for the most part succeeded. Even thought it was the most military drafts ever given out, and it caused massive inflation in the U.S. The Vietnam War was an effect of the Cold War, which was an arms build up between Russia and the U.S. Then Russia tried to turn Vietnam into a communist country, so the U.S. intervened. In the following you will see that entering the Vietnam War was a good thing and that otherwise communism would still be very popular today, even though it was the only war the U.S. ever lost. II. Evidence The first reason that going to Vietnam was a good idea was that we needed to stop the spread of communism (Brownell 12). It was a growing threat, and needed to be stopped as quickly as possible (Brownell 87). We entered the war, and for the support of France and to stop communism in its steps (Welch 2). With little success in both areas at first, in the long run we were successful in our main goals (Welch 7). The spread of communism started the Vietnam War and The Korean War. Both wars had the same objective, stopping the spread of communism (O'Brien 1). We succeeded in both wars with this idea, but we pulled our troops out of Vietnam towards the end of the war (Brownell 5). The war officially ended in 1974 when the North Vietnamese took control of South Vietnam and made the entire country communist governed (Brownell 5). They may have been communist in the end, but much of the surrounding countries remained democratic (Welch 98). So we lost the country of Vietnam to communism, but gained many of the surrounding countries (O'Brien 2). So we went in to stop the spread of communism, and we did stop it from spreading, it just got Vietnam in the end (Welch 7). Another reason entering The Vietnam War was a good idea was that we gained the support of the French. They initially started the war, but we entered and helped them out (O'Brien 3). We entered the war with the intention of stopping the spread of communism, and we gained the support of the French. In doing this we gained a little help from them in future wars (O'Brien 3). We also gained some financial gain from the war. With people buying war bonds and the draft, we didn't need to worry too much about money (Welch 12). Plus, with the withdraw of our soldiers we had an excess amount of money (Welch 13). So we gained the support of the French and got some money, but unfortunately it was at the cost of 58,168 U.S. troops (Maraniss 307). A huge reason that entering The Vietnam War was that it really helped boost our economy as a country. When we entered we had a mad rush of people buying war bonds to help support our troops and the war cause (Maraniss 256). Then when we pulled out of the war, we actually didn't spend all our money on the war. So we gained some money. Unfortunately a lot of the money went missing with President Nixon resigning (Brownell 56). Some speculate that he took it and spent in on more private things, while others claim he hid it away if he was ever run out of the country. The ideas continue into the improbable all the way to the just insane (Marraniss 25). Yet it is still very curious as to where all that money disappeared to. Many consider it one of the main reasons President Nixon resigned before congress could impeach him. However, it was nothing compared to what was left (Brownell 56). Most of the money went to covering up and paying off the officers involved it the drug trade that took place during The Vietnam War. Instead of it rightfully going back to the people, or the troops, it went right into the pockets of traitors and lying drug junkies. Yet what remained mostly went into repairing roads of all things. So we traded a war for not getting caught up in another one of the government's scandals, and nice roads (Brownell 57). III. Contradictions One of the reasons that entering The Vietnam War was a bad idea is that it is the most protested war in all of U.S. history (Brownell 12). We had more people voice there protests against The Vietnam War than ever in U.S. history, even more than The Korean War (Brownell 13). Another reason is that we lost more men in The Vietnam War than in any other war, except The Civil War. It was mostly protest because of the draft (Welch 26). The draft was 1,728,344 people, but only 17,000 were accounted for in deaths (Brownell 1). It was so protested that many of the people who were drafted left the country and fled to Canada. The people who didn't go after the war were pardoned (O'Brien 5). The last reason that it was a bad idea entering The Vietnam was that it was the only war we ever lost. However, many people believe it was a good thing because it showed the world that America could infact lose a war, that we weren't all powerful (Welch 10). IV. Conclusion With the facts given, it is obvious that going to Vietnam was a good thing for the U.S. Even it was the most protested and hated war in all of U.S. history; we still accomplished the main goal of what we went there for. This was to stop the spread of communism. We also got, sort of, a head start in The Cold War. Even though the Vietnam War was technically caused by the beginning of The Cold War. Not to mention that it was the most military drafts ever give. However, you can't really deny the fact that it was a necessary war, that without it, communism would be still popular today.

Julius Caesar Character Analysis - 785 Words

Every aspect of Shakespearean drama depends ultimately on language† (Keach 253). In the play Julius Caesar, William Shakespeare uses metals to add emphasis to the play. These references to metal are used in the play as a form of characterization, as a way to establish the mood, and as a way to explain the ideas of the characters. The characterization helps the audience to have a better understanding of the characters and their personalities, the mood further explains what the characters are feeling in relation to Caesar and his death, and they emphasize and explain the ideas that are driving the characters to act and speak. Shakespeare includes metals in his play as a method of characterization. In Act One, Cassius characterizes†¦show more content†¦Casca states â€Å"His countenance, like richest alchemy, will lead to virtue and worthiness (1.3.168-169).† He also establishes mood by mentioning metal in Act Two. When Brutus is speaking about the plot against Ca esar. Shakespeare uses the word whet, which means to sharpen in Brutus’ speech. He uses it in a way that makes it sound like Brutus was reluctant to kill Caesar . This creates a mood of sadness. â€Å"Since Cassius first did whet me against Caesar, I have not slept†(2.1.61-62). The next example comes when Antony is giving his speech at Caesar’s funeral. What he says also creates a mood of remorse for Caesar. Antony said, â€Å"and as he pluck’d his cursed steel away Mark how the blood of Caesar followed it, As rushing out of doors, to be resolved If Brutus so unkindly knocked, or no† (3.2.187). Shakespeare uses metals to create different moods throughout the play. Shakespeare uses figurative language to explain the ideas of the characters, to the audience. Shakespeare uses a metaphor as Brutus conveys his idea of the group not needing to take an oath, because what they are doing is enough to inspire cowards into action and make weak women strong. â€Å"To kindle cowards and to steel with valor the melting spirits of women† (2.1.126-127). Shakespeare uses a homophone of metal as a pun to show the ideas of Brutus when he explainsShow MoreRelatedCharacter Analysis of Julius Caesar1421 Words   |  6 PagesJulius Caesar Character Analysis Cassius Strengths and Weaknesses Cassius was one of the conspirators against Cesar and proves to be a powerful character in Shakespeares, Julius Caesar. He has much strength and very few weaknesses and this helped him achieve small goals that led to his main goal of killing Caesar. One of Cassius strengths is his ability to influence people using flattery and pressure. In Act 1, Scene 2, Cassius demonstrates this strength by influencing Brutus to think moreRead MoreJulius Caesar Character Analysis Essay1017 Words   |  5 Pages The author of Julius Caesar is William Shakespeare, an English poet, playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language. He was born on July 13 in 1564 and died in 1616. It was written to be a tragedy and was one of the seventh plays written off true events that happened in Roman time. Also includes Coriolanus, Antony, and Cleopatra. Drama of the play focuses on Brutus’ struggle between the conflicting demands of honor, patriotism, and friendship. Opens with â€Å"twoRead MoreJulius Caesar Character Analysis1332 Words   |  6 PagesBrutus’s Wife Of all female characters in Shakespeare, few possess the vigor and assertion that Portia demonstrates in Shakespeare’s classic political tragedy, Julius Caesar. Overshadowed by all of the chaos and unrest in the life of our protagonist, Brutus, a complex emotional and ethical journey is taking place, represented by Portia, Brutus’s wife. Portia exists in the text to shed light and understanding on an arch that isn’t always as apparent to the audience. In production of the play, directorsRead MoreJulius Caesar Character Analysis899 Words   |  4 PagesApparently, the North Star is also a pincushion. William Shakespeare’s play Julius Caesar, is about the assassination of the titular future king and the aftermath of this event. Julius Caesar was loved by all the common people but hated by the aristocracy. Many characters in this play end up dying due to this event. Many of them had thought themselves immortal. As a genius playwright, Shakespeare was able t o include hidden messages in his plays. In this specific play, he was able to demonstrateRead MoreJulius Caesar Character Analysis852 Words   |  4 Pagesdislike people. In this play, Julius Caesar, there were many different characters with many different personalities. I believe that Soothsayer is the most honorable character, and I believe that Brutus is the most corrupt. I believe that Soothsayer is the most honorable character for multiple reasons. One reason I believe this is because he tried to warn Caesar two times about the Ides of March. Caesar marked him as unimportant, and he ignored Soothsayer. Despite Caesar saying he was unimportant, heRead MoreJulius Caesar Character Analysis1546 Words   |  7 Pagesmight, or will, start taking advantage of them. In one of Shakespeare’s plays, The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, it demonstrates that being too trusting of someone could end with bad consequences. In The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, one of the main characters, Brutus, trusted his best friend, Cassius, with everything. Brutus trusted that Cassius was right about him being a new ruler of Rome, how killing Caesar would make a safer and better living space for the community, and that the people would supportRead MoreJulius Caesar Character Analysis842 Words   |  4 PagesWhen it comes down to identifying true friends, not everyone will show lo yalty in the same way. In the play Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare, Brutus and Antony have flaws and varying beliefs which led them down different paths, as well as individual ways of displaying this ardent behavior. Everyone has different faults or quirks that can get in the way and cause us to do some pretty hurtful things. But Shakespeare shows us that although these flaws produce bad outcomes, they might have more positiveRead MoreJulius Caesar Character Analysis2014 Words   |  9 PagesJulius Caesar is a play about the death of Julius Caesar and how his death affects the Roman Empire. The play was written in 1599 by William Shakespeare. Even though the play is about Julius Caesar, the main character isn’t Julius Caesar, but really is Brutus. Brutus deals with internal conflict during the play because at first he doesn’t want to cause any harm to his emperor but Cassius convinces him that the other senators and he should do something about Caesar. Cassius is another senator forRead MoreJulius Caesar Character Analysis Essay834 Words   |  4 Pageswas once a friend that ended up costing someone’s life. In the play Julius Caesar the entire situation gets out of hand, Caesar had still thought his true friend, Cassius, was loyal to him. Cassius is to be known of betraying, his once good friend, Caesar. Even someone as loyal as one may think, everyone’s potential can be unexpected and hazardous. The situation gets even more out of control as Cassius decided to deceive Caesar, only then to hurt him in the end. Cassius appears to be a threat, althoughRead More Brutus Character Analysis in Shakespeares Tragedy of Julius Caesar964 Words   |  4 PagesCharacter Analysis: Brutus William Shakespeares play, The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, was mainly based on the assassination of Julius Caesar. The character who was the mastermind behind the assassination was, ironically, Marcus Brutus, a senator and close friend to Julius Caesar. But what would cause a person to kill a close friend? After I examined Brutus relationship towards Caesar, his involvement in the conspiracy and his importance to the plot it all became clear. Brutus had one particular

The Significant Role of Women in Joseph Conrads Heart of...

In the 1900s novella Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad, the protagonist often encounters women at landmarks of his life. Charlie Marlow is a sailor and imperialist who sets out along the Congo River to â€Å"civilize† the â€Å"savages.† The novella begins with a crew on the Thames waiting for the tides to change. During their wait, a character named Marlow tells of his exploits on the African continent. In his recounted travels, Marlow meets other imperialists such as Mr. Kurtz, a man who is obsessed with the pursuit of ivory and riches. Like Mr. Kurtz, Marlow embarks across the African continent in hopes of earning both money and respect. One early critic of the novel, Edward Garnett, wrote in his review that â€Å"[Heart of Darkness] is simply a†¦show more content†¦Women are viewed by Marlow as ignorant little creatures above the press of imperialism—completely innocent, but entirely unaware. Africa is written â€Å"as setting and backdrop which eliminates the African as human factor. Africa as a metaphysical battlefield devoid of all recognizable humanity, into which the wandering European enters at his peril† (Achebe). Thus Conrad brings the savages of Africa and general women together. Marlow brings the two victims of imperialism together in one, brief observation of Mr. Kurtz’s foreign mistress. Conrad’s concise description of an Amazonian woman on page 56 is as follows: â€Å"†¦She was savage and superb, wild-eyed and magnificent; there was something ominous and stately in her deliberate progress†¦ â€Å"Her long shadow fell to the water’s edge. Her face had a tragic and fierce aspect of wild sorrow and of dumb pain mingled with the fear of some struggling, half-shaped resolve. She stood looking at us without a stir, and like the wilderness itself, with an air of brooding over an inscrutable purpose†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Women and the savages are brought together under one umbrella of mingled patronization and awe. In this respect, Marlow’s view of women is the perfect oxymoron (Nadelhaft). Marlow’s tone concerning women and the Amazon is reverent, but belittling. These two groups of people are sub-human to Marlow in that he considers them of a lesser intellect and lesser value.Show MoreRelatedGender Role In Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness Essay1430 Words   |  6 PagesGender Role In Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness For the most part people who read Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad may feel that the novella is strictly a story of exploration and racial discrimination. But to Johanna Smith who wrote â€Å"’Too Beautiful Altogether’: Ideologies of Gender and Empire in Heart of Darkness† it is much more than that. Johanna Smith along with Wallace Watson and Rita A. Bergenholtz agree that throughout Heart of Darkness there are tones of gender prejudice, but the wayRead MoreEssay on Hearts of Darkness: Post Colonialism850 Words   |  4 PagesWrite a critique of Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness, based on your reading about post-colonialism and discussing Conrads view of African culture as other. What would someone from Africa think about this work? Heart of Darkness starts out in London and also ends there as well. Most of the story takes place in the Congo which is now known as the Republic of the Congo. Heart of Darkness was essentially a transitional novel between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. During the nineteenthRead More Misleading Interpretations of Conrads Heart of Darkness Essays1186 Words   |  5 PagesMisleading Interpretations of Conrads Heart of Darkness Chinua Achebe, a well-known writer, once gave a lecture at the University of Massachusetts about Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness, entitled An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrads Heart of Darkness. Throughout his essay, Achebe notes how Conrad used Africa as a background only, and how he set Africa up as a foil to Europe,(Achebe, p.251) while he also projects the image of Africa as the other world, the antithesis of Europe andRead MoreMarginalization: Heart of Darkness and God of Small Things1463 Words   |  6 Pagessince the half yearly. Issues of racism, women discrimination and the corruption of power used to be subtly touched upon or ignored. However they were also viewed differently depending on the era it was brought up in. Yet as time passed by, it seems these issues have become common discussion. This change of significance in how the audience responds and view texts that carry the notions of marginalization can be seen by Joseph Conrad’s ‘Heart of Darkness’ and Arundhati Roy’s ‘God of Small Things’Read MoreHeart Of Darkness Essay1426 Words   |  6 PagesJoseph Conrads novel Heart of Darkness uses character development and character analysis to really tell the story of European colonization. Within Conrads characters one can find both racist and colonialist views, and it is the opinion, and the interpretation of the reader which decides what Conrad is really trying to say in his work. Chinua Achebe, a well known writer, once gave a lecture at the University of Massachusetts about Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness, entitled An image of Africa:Read More The Portrayal of Women in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay1201 Words   |  5 PagesWomen have gained equality with men over the many centuries of the evolution of the modern western civilization. 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Although voicelessRead MoreEssay Symbolism In Heart Of Darkness1077 Words   |  5 Pagesencountered in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness lies a tale saturated with subtle, yet, significant imagery that brings forth the true meaning of the novella. Throughout Heart of Darkness Conrad uses a plethora of simple colors, objects, and places to convey multifaceted images and ideas. His fine execution of the tools of the English language allows him to quickly lure the reader aboard the Nellie and not release him until the horror is over. Although the interpretation of symbols in the Heart of DarknessRead MoreThe Heart Of Darkness : Small Roles, Big Impact998 Words   |  4 PagesWomen in Heart of Darkness: Small Roles, Big Impact In Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, women characters hold minor, but significant roles. Female appearances, although few, are powerful and impressionable. Their roles, although conflicting and serving different purposes, influence Marlow’s journey significantly. The few female characters that are mentioned in this novella are depicted as voiceless and insignificant. Their presence is held as insignificant, so much that women were never namedRead MoreSimilarity in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness and Lord Jim3156 Words   |  13 PagesSimilarity in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness and Lord Jim Many times, after a successful novel, an author will publish another story very similar to the praised one. Joseph Conrad followed in suit with the previous statement. After the publication of Heart of Darkness in 1899, Lord Jim was released in 1900. However, according to majority of his critics, Conrad’s Lord Jim arguably outdoes Heart of Darkness to be named his best work. Few realize, though, that Lord Jim was actually started before

Political Politics Of The United States Essay - 1199 Words

A diverse society requires a pluralistic political structure in order to enfranchise citizens and allow the broadest scope of opinions to be heard. The United States has a rich history filled with specific examples of how an individual’s voice carries enough weight to make both a difference. However, a person’s ability to make a political impact does not necessitate eloquence and or individual intrepidity. Rather, our Founding Fathers carefully crafted a democratic system in which the voices of every individual were given significance and influence through their right to vote in elections. Unfortunately, political elections are not as idealistic as our fore fathers may have intended. In recent years, political campaigns in the United States have become an increasingly distasteful process in recent years, specifically in regard to the way in which they are funded. Political campaigns are regularly fuel by greed, power and a shady procurement of financial support. This corruption promotes inequitable campaign procedures, and almost never results in a fair and unbiased candidate victory. In recognition of this exploitation of power, steps have been taken by federal and state legislatures to regulate rampant unethical funding in political elections. In response to these efforts, two distinct sides have emerged. Proponents of campaign finance limits argue that wealthy donors and corporations hold too much sway in elections and as a result, corrupt campaigns. Those favoring lessShow MoreRelatedPolitical Relations Between The United States And Politics1328 Words   |  6 Pa gesthus be affected by institutions in two different countries. In this essay I will talk about the political institution in both countries. I will start by explaining politics in the United States and lead into how politics in Mexico function. Afterwards, I will compare both political institutions and draw from my own experiences to explain any differences between the two. The United States political system functions under a system of checks and balances. Our government is divided up into three branches:Read MoreAmerican Politics Vs. The Netflix Series House Of Cards756 Words   |  4 PagesProvisional Title A Case Study on American politics portrayed in House of Cards and its correlation to the current political climate 1 Introduction The American Netflix series House of Cards is a political drama that follows Frank Underwood (Kevin Spacey) rising through the ranks from Democratic Majority Whip in the House of Representatives to Vice President and later President of the United States by achieving his political power through manipulation and ruthless pragmatism with the aid of hisRead MorePolitical Parties : Politics, And Religion1480 Words   |  6 Pagesheld interest in politics, and the issues that affect the way we govern. So I boiled that down to the entities that decide when and what we govern. Political Parties. After I had my subject I looked at the three things I believe political parties play a role in. The three areas of interest I chose were our political parties role in our history, economics, and religion, and what factors in those areas determine how political parties’ function. The first area I looked at was political parties role inRead MorePolitics Is All About Gaining And Maintaining Power1438 Words   |  6 PagesPolitics is all about gaining and maintaining power. Politics is the business of humans endeavoring to success over their own disarray, uncertainty, competitiveness, egotism, and betrayal; formulate all the comparisons you want, but a lot of politics is simply concrete and visible, instead of being realistic. Politician tries to obtain power for their self or for â€Å"people†. Once they obtain power they make sure to preserve it. Correspondingly countries also try obtaining power and maintain powerRead MoreVisual Arts : The Most Accessible Politically Charged Art Form For United States Citizens1642 Words   |  7 Pagesform for United States citizens. Visual arts are intended to occupy an individual’s senses more than other forms of art, thus they have the power to teach, inspire and shape the perceptions of individuals. Cinemas help to create a shared narrative experience amongst people from different cultural backgrounds, forcing audiences to collectively consider topics they may have never believed serious before. Fi lms have the capacity to stir an individual to action, transform their view on politics and affectRead MoreEssay about The Underrepresentation of Women in United States Politics1147 Words   |  5 PagesThe Underrepresentation of Women in United States Politics I. Introduction and Context Women are numerically underrepresented in United States politics. Though people may see famous faces of women in politics around them, a mere 17 percent of leaders of the Federal government in the United States are women. Not only, at the Federal level are women underrepresented, but also at the state and local levels. Only in six states are there female governors, and members of city hall are predominately maleRead MoreThe Health Of American Politics Essay1053 Words   |  5 PagesThe Health of American Politics/Democracy In this paper, I am going to write about two topics which they are the American politics and the American democracy. I am going to discuss one issue regarding each topic. In the topic of American politics, I will describe the negative impact of the Israeli lobby on the American Politic. After that, I will describe the negative impact of the electoral college system on the American democracy. The Israeli lobby and the electoral college system are affectingRead MoreMigration Problems for Puerto Ricans1681 Words   |  7 Pageshistorical repetition of earlier migrations to the United States. However, the migration experience of Puerto Ricans to the United States is more complex, as well as one of a kind. Similarities do exist between the migration of Puerto Ricans and that of other groups, however, no other ethnic group has shared the tribulations of the Puerto Rican population. Their experience is different from that of anyone else. When Puerto Ricans migrated to the United States they did it in two major waves. The first waveRead MoreChanging World Politics During World War II Essay916 Words   |  4 PagesChanging World Politics In a political system superintended and galvanized by anarchy and inherited norms, transformations and variations are inevitable. The origin of such system began with the â€Å"Peace of Westphalia,† marking the termination of the 30 years war, and was the prominent beginning of the modern international system of where in which Nation States are of the highest institution. This was the end of the ‘Holy Roman Empire’ (of that wasn’t holy nor Roman) and the incalculable scores ofRead MoreWhat It Means To Be A Citizen1010 Words   |  5 Pages(Ginsberg et al. 9). Part of the reason why political opinions vary so far from person to person is in part due to the amount of political knowledge that each individual has. A person who stays informed on current political events weekly by reading newspaper articles will be able to understand our current government structure better than someone who hears about political information from other people’s opinions. V aluable questions are whether or not American politics are in crisis, how this applies to California—heavily

Mesothelioma Free Essays

Mesothelioma is a malignant neoplasm that develops from the mesothelium tissue (a membrane that covers the internal organs present in the body).   It occurs very rarely and is more frequently caused by inhaling asbestos dust.   The incidence of the disease is slowly on the rise. We will write a custom essay sample on Mesothelioma or any similar topic only for you Order Now    In the US, about 2000 new cases are reported every year.   About 70 to 80% of all cases with mesothelioma report exposure to asbestos (NCI, 2002).   Mesothelioma can develop in various sites of the body including the pleura (membranes that covers the lungs), peritoneum (membrane that covers the abdominal cavity), tunica vaginalis testis (membrane that covers the male internal reproductive organs) and tunica serosa uteri (membrane that covers the female internal reproductive organs) (NCI, 2002). It is made up of one layer of flat or cuboidal cells that surround a particular organ or an organ set belonging to a particular group (Weitz Luxenberg, 2006).   In between these membranes a fluid is present that permits some amount of movement during physiologic functioning.   When the asbestos is inhaled, it gets deposited into parenchyma of the lungs from where it enters the immediate membrane that covers the lungs.   It may be carried soon to the other membrane of the lung.   The tumor usually begins as discrete plaques known as ‘malignant mesothelial plaques’ (Weitz Luxenberg, 2006). These discrete masses soon combine to form a large sheet like lesion that spreads.   The exact process by which mesothelioma occurs is not understood clearly, however, it seems that chronic irritation of the membrane plays a very important role (Weitz Luxenberg, 2006).   The chromosomes present in the cell are distorted (Tan, 2007).   One of the most frequent changes in the malignant cell was the loss of a copy of Chromosome 22. The chromosomal picture of the cell seems to be very complex (complex karyotype) and is rearranged (Tan, 2007).   Sometimes, the chromosome arms of 1p, 3p, 9p and 6q may also get structurally rearranged.   This may be brought about by close contact between the chromosomes or the structural proteins with the asbestos particles (Weitz Luxenberg, 2006). The asbestos may get deposited in the peritoneum either through the lymphatic system or the due ingestion of the sputum from the lungs (Weitz Luxenberg, 2006).   The long thin fibers of asbestos are more dangerous than the feathery fibers as they more easily cause cancer.   Once the fibers get deposited in the pleura, the cancer development process actually begins.   In experimental rats, it has been observed that when the pleura or the peritoneum are invaded by the asbestos particles, macrophages and the other cells of the body’s defense mechanism accumulate (Weitz Luxenberg, 2006). As the disease progresses, the macrophages and immune cells continue to invade the lesion.   Slowly the cells get transformed into malignancy.   Studies have demonstrated that the asbestos particles may directly (through physical interaction) and indirectly (through accumulation of macrophages) bring about malignant transformation of the epithelium cells.   Indirectly, the macrophages begin to function abnormally.   They phagocyte the asbestos particles and release higher amounts of hydroxyl radicals. They may stimulate the cancer process by affecting the DNA present in the cell.   Several other substances are released from the macrophages such as mitogens, growth factors, etc, which may bring about chronic irritation.   They also alter entry of certain substances into the cell (by affecting the membrane) and reducing the effect of antioxidant action within the cells.   Asbestos is also known to suppress the action of the body’s defense mechanism by overcoming the action of the lymphocytes (Weitz Luxenberg, 2006). Several structural and functional features have been observed in the cells affected with mesothelioma (which have asbestos particles within the cells): – 1.the suppressor genes against cancers present in the cells may get inactivated when the asbestos fibers enters the cells 2.other cancer-stimulating agents may get activated and affect the cell 3. the DNA of the cell gets altered due to the incorporation of a foreign DNA which encourages cancer formation 4. the DNA repair enzymes may get stimulated and frequently result in a faulty method of repair 5.the cell terminal processes may become abnormal resulting in immortality 6.the DNA sequence may be added at the ends of the cell which makes the cells immortal and results in abnormal functioning (Weitz Luxenberg, 2006) References: NCI. Mesothelioma: Questions and Answers. 2002. NCI. 5 Apr. 2007 http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Sites-Types/mesothelioma Tan W.W. â€Å"Mesothelioma.† 2007. E-Medicine. 5 Apr. 2007 http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic1457.htm Weitz Luxenberg. â€Å"The Pathophysiology of Mesothelioma.† 2006. Weitz Luxenberg Inc. 5 Apr. 2007 http://www.weitzlux.com/mesothelioma/Pathophysiology_403723.html How to cite Mesothelioma, Essay examples

Withdholding and Withdrawing Treatment Essay Example For Students

Withdholding and Withdrawing Treatment Essay The majority Of Americans do not have an advanced directive in place. An advanced directive is a written expression of a persons wishes about medical care, especially are during a terminal or critical illness (Butts Rich, 2013, p. 255). Advanced directives can be self-written instructions or prepared by someone else as instructed by the patient. These will become instructions about their future healthcare for other to follow. Some of the issues that need to be addressed in these advanced directives include specific treatments to be refused or desired; the time the directive needs to take effect; specific hospitals and physicians to be used; what lawyer, it any, should be consulted; and any other consultations, such as family or a religious figure (Butts Rich, 2013, p. 255). These advanced receives will be utilized it the patient loses their decision-making capacity and has been rendered incompetent due to their symptoms. The problem arises when the patient does not have this advanced directive. When the patient can no longer make competent decisions, the family might experience difficulty in trying to determine a progressive right course of action. When a patient loses their autonomous decision-making capacity, the decision making falls to a surrogate. A surrogate decision marker is an individual, usually a family member, who acts on behalf of the patient to make decisions about the patients treatment options Butts Rich, 2013, p. 257). Decisions about treatment options can be complex. The surrogate, in absence Of an advanced directive, must consult the attending physician, other family members, and other healthcare providers in order to make the best decision for the patient. Fortunately for surrogates there are ethical principles that can govern their decisions. One of them in particular can be Of comfort to the surrogate. Withholding and Withdrawing treatment from a terminally ill or permanently unconscious patient allows a natural dying process to take its course. It does not constitute killing or assisted suicide (Butts Rich, 013, p. 2571 Medical futility can influence the decision to withhold or withdraw treatment. Medical futility is an unacceptably low chance of achieving a therapeutic benefit for the patient (Butts Rich, 2013, p. 259). Healthcare professionals have accepted and ethically justified withholding and withdrawing treatments deemed futile or extraordinary. Most Other people have also accepted this concept. However, it is not universally accepted. In the 1995 case Of Giggling u. Massachusetts General Hospital, the family Of the patient wanted the attending physician to order CPRM to be provided to the dying patient. The patient, Ms. Giggling, was comatose and dying With multiple organ-system failure. The court supported the physicians claim that CPRM was medically futile (Butts Rich, 2013, p. 261). A permanent vegetative state (PAS) is a state in which a person with severe brain damage has enough autonomic function to survive with constant medical intervention but does not exhibit any awareness or higher brain function (Butts Rich, 2013, p. 52). PAS has played a major role in court cases related to withholding and withdrawing treatment. The case 1976 of Karen Ann Quintal was the first landmark case involving withholding and withdrawing treatment. In 1975, Karen was at a party, mixed alcohol with Valid, lapsed into a coma, and placed on a ventilator. Her parents sued to have her removed from the ventilator. They kept getting denied by the courts. Finally af ter many legal battles, the Nevus Jersey Supreme Court granted her parents the right to remove her from a ventilator. Previously, physicians would not remove her from a ventilator because they could not establish brain death, Once Karen was taken off the ventilator, she continued to breathe on her own for ten years (The big sleep, ND. )_ Because of this case, the definition of and criteria for PAS as established. It also set precedence for parents to have the right to choose withholding and Withdrawing treatment for their child. It also aided in the creation and implementation of the advanced directive. .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56 , .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56 .postImageUrl , .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56 , .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56:hover , .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56:visited , .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56:active { border:0!important; } .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56:active , .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56 .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5bc4727eb145e7dfe9443e5748d64d56:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Drawing on Previous Examples of Major Sporting Events EssayThe 1990 case of Nancy Curran also dealt With the issue Of parents trying to Withhold and Withdraw treatment for their child who was in a PAS. In 1983, Nancy was in an automobile accident and sustained injuries that led to complete loss Of consciousness with significant oxygen deprivation and then to a PAS with continuous artificial nutrition and hydration. After almost eight years of litigation, the Supreme Court f Missouri finally granted the wishes of her parents for the discontinuance of her feeding tube. She died three days after the courts decision (The case of, n. D. ), Because of this case, conditions for withholding and withdrawing treatment were established. The 2005 case of Terra Shiva highlighted the issue of surrogate decision-making in regards to withholding and withdrawing treatment. In 1990, Terra was found unresponsive by her husband, Michael. She had suffered an acute cardiac arrest with prolonged cerebral hypoxia, She was diagnosed with a PAS and had a tending tube in place. Her husband wanted the deeding tube removed, but her parents objected. The feeding tube was removed twice and then replaced because of the legal battle between the husband and the parents, By Florida law, the husband, as spouse and guardian, had a legal right to serve as the surrogate decision maker for Terra. Her parents thought otherwise. A total of twenty-one lawsuits and appeals were filed. After the court finally established that there was clear and convincing evidence that Terra had previously stated that she did not want to live in a condition where she would be a burden to anyone else, the court ordered that the feeding tube be removed or a third and final time. Terra died thirteen days after (Hunter, n_d. N Because of this case, substituted judgment became the ethical and legal standard, with guardianship as the focal point regarding decision making for the withholding and withdrawing of treatment. All of these cases highlight the importance of having an advanced directive and the multitude Of legal complications associated with not having one. The main ethical issue regarding the withholding and Withdrawing Of treatment is Who is the appropriate surrogate decision maker for an incompetent person? As demonstrated in the previous legal cases, if there re no documented preferences, then there is a good chance for a legal dispute between the parties involved who think that they have the right to make that decision. The biggest challenge for a surrogate decision maker is for them to be able to make an unbiased substituted decision based on an understanding of what the patients would decide for themselves, and not the values of the surrogate. To assist the surrogate with making the proper decision, physicians should provide all relevant medical information and explain that decisions regarding withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment should be based hat substituted judgment when there is evidence to the patients preferences and values. In making a substituted judgment, surrogate decision makers may consider the patients advance directive, if any; the patients values about life and the way it should be lived; and the patients attitudes towards sickness, suffering, medical procedures, and death. If there is not adequate evidence of the incompetent patients preferences and values, then the decision should be based on the best interests of the patient including what outcome would most likely promote the patients well-being (Opinion 2. 20, n. D. )_ Because Of the Renville of autonomy the physician should almost always accept the surrogates decision for the incompetent patient. However, there are situations that may require either institutional or judicial review and/or intervention in the decision- making process. These include: there is no available family member willing to be the patients surrogate decision maker, there is a dispute among family members and there is no surrogate decision maker designated in an advanced directive, the physician believes that the familys decision is clearly not what the patient would have decided if competent, and the physician believes that the session is not a decision that could reasonably be judged to be in the patients best interests. .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3 , .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3 .postImageUrl , .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3 , .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3:hover , .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3:visited , .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3:active { border:0!important; } .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3:active , .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3 .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u59b49eb29951b8d331ebf068ff22c7e3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Drawing The Color Line Essay PaperWhen there are disputes among family members or between family and health care providers, the use of ethics committees specifically designed to facilitate sound decision making is recommended before resorting to the courts (Opinion 2. 20, n. D. ), No matter what decision the physician or the surrogate decision maker determines as the best course of action regarding the withholding and withdrawing of treatment, nurses need to give compassionate, excellent care to the patient. The family members need to feel a sense of inference that the nurses will maintain moral sensitivity with a course of right action. In fact, the American Nurses Association (ANA) in their Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements emphasizes that nurses must ethically support the provision of compassionate and dignified end-of-life care as long as nurses do not have the sole intention of ending a persons life (Butts Rich, 2013, p. 268). This course of right action includes the promotion of comfort, the relief of pain, and support of the family when the decision has been made to withhold or withdrawn treatment. The decision to withhold or withdraw treatment is an incredibly complex ethical issue.